劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’SSPORTINGSUCCESS及答案解析 劍橋雅思4熱帶雨林翻譯 【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

今天大學(xué)路小編整理了劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’SSPORTINGSUCCESS及答案解析 劍橋雅思4熱帶雨林翻譯 【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人相關(guān)信息，希望在這方面能夠更好的大家。

本文目錄一覽：

• 1、劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’SSPORTINGSUCCESS及答案解析
• 2、劍橋雅思4熱帶雨林翻譯
• 3、【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’SSPORTINGSUCCESS及答案解析

做好雅思的閱讀題除了掌握對(duì)的 方法 ，也離不開我們?nèi)粘５男燎诰毩?xí)，下面我給大家?guī)?lái)劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS及答案解析，一起加油吧！

劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS

A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sport*en and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.

B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D *ysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he *yses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be *ysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.

D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.

E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.

F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.

劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS題目

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports

2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations

3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity

4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced

5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated

6 an overview of the funded support of athletes

7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event

Questions 8-11

Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they

A are currently exclusively used by Australians

B will be used in the future by Australians

C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.

8 cameras

9 sensors

10 protein tests

11 altitude tents

Questions 12 and 13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.

12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?

13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?

劍橋雅思閱讀AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS答案

Question 1

答案：B

關(guān)鍵詞：exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports

定位原文：B段第2、3句“...and collaborates with… a number of sports …”

解題思路: 題干中講到不同體育領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識(shí)交流正好跟原文中跨不同體育專家之間的合作相對(duì)應(yīng)，理解意思即可容易找到正確答案。

Question 2

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞: visual imaging/3D, image

定位原文: C段第6句: “...shows off the prototype of a 3D *ysis …”

解題思路: 通過(guò)題干中的視頻成像可以很容易找到原文中對(duì)應(yīng)的3D和成像。

Question 3

答案：B

關(guān)鍵詞: a reason for narrowing/ can’t waste time

定位原文: B段最后1句: “We can’t waste our time looking…”

解題思路: 題目中的research activity和原文中的scientific questions 屬于同義表達(dá)，定位答題區(qū)域，發(fā)現(xiàn)此句話所要表達(dá)的意思是不在一些飄渺的、不切實(shí)際的科學(xué)問題上浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，也就是說(shuō)要縮小研究的范圍。

Question 4

答案：F

關(guān)鍵詞：AIS ideas reproduce/ copying

定位原文: F段第1句話 “Of course, there’s nothing…”

解題思路: 題干中的reproduce是復(fù)制的意思，之后從 文章 中發(fā)現(xiàn) 句子 有復(fù)制copying，即可以直接定位。

Question 5

答案：D

關(guān)鍵詞：Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor

定位原文: D段第6句“... to monitor heart rate…”

解題思路: 題干提到理想成績(jī)的障礙是如何被調(diào)查研究的，而讀到對(duì)應(yīng)句子之后看到正好是sensors(傳感器)對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)員跑步的impact(影響)進(jìn)行研究的儀器，而且obstacles和impact對(duì)應(yīng)。

Question 6

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：Overview, funded support finance

定位原文: A段倒數(shù)第2句 “...finances programmes of excellence…”

解題思路: finances是解題關(guān)鍵，意思為資助，正好跟題干中funded support表達(dá)了相同的義項(xiàng)，直接對(duì)應(yīng)。而且之后一句話提及以上項(xiàng)目所提供的服務(wù)和建議，可以確信答案。

Question 7

答案：E

關(guān)鍵詞：Calculated before an event/ using data, well before a championship

定位原文: E段第1句、第2句 “Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, ...”

解題思路: 首先通過(guò)well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到E段， 之后發(fā)現(xiàn)后面提及的“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型”作用就是計(jì)算時(shí)間和速率，因此內(nèi)容對(duì)應(yīng)上calculate，此時(shí)可斷定答案的位置。

Question 8

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞: digital cameras

定位原文: C段倒數(shù)第3句: “..SWAN system now used in Australian national…”

解題思路: 前一句已經(jīng)提到該系統(tǒng)已廣泛應(yīng)用于澳大利亞各項(xiàng)全國(guó)賽事之中，而沒有提到其他國(guó)家，因此可以判斷應(yīng)該只有澳大利亞人在使用。

Question 9

答案：B

關(guān)鍵詞：sensor

定位原文: D段第7句：“...With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro…”

解題思路: 找到相同對(duì)應(yīng)詞sensor，讀其前后的句子，發(fā)現(xiàn)有 Melbourne，斷定是澳大利亞人的發(fā)明。之后要特別留心動(dòng)詞develop運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示正在開發(fā);而且注意之后的定語(yǔ)從句采用了將來(lái)時(shí)，所以可以斷定此發(fā)明還沒有完成，應(yīng)該屬于將來(lái)的成果。因此選擇B。

Question 10

答案: A

關(guān)鍵詞：protein

定位原文: D段倒數(shù)第4句: “… AIS and the University of Newcastle…”

解題思路: 非常容易在前面第一句話中找到跟題目protein tests所對(duì)應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)a test ...protein。之后細(xì)讀前后句，發(fā)現(xiàn)后面一句話對(duì)于此項(xiàng)科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS運(yùn)動(dòng)員，即澳大利亞體育學(xué)院的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，隸屬于澳大利亞，所以應(yīng)該選擇A。

Question 11

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞: altitude tent

定位原文: F段倒數(shù)第2句: “The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent ’…”

解題思路: 文章中很容易找到用引號(hào)括起來(lái)的題目中的名詞 短語(yǔ) ，因此只要細(xì)心讀原句，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)開頭的‘The same has happened...’同樣的事情也發(fā)生在……根據(jù) 經(jīng)驗(yàn) 應(yīng)該順著文章向上追溯，發(fā)現(xiàn)跟‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’相同情況的是1996年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上澳大利亞人受益的流線型散熱運(yùn)動(dòng)服現(xiàn)在全世界都在用。因此 ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’也被世界各國(guó)應(yīng)用。所以答案應(yīng)該選擇C。且根據(jù)此段話大意可以了解文章只提到兩種研究成果被別國(guó)運(yùn)用，即髙原帳蓬和流線型散熱服。所以可以間接判斷前三項(xiàng)成果是由澳大利人獨(dú)享的。

Question 12

答案： (a)competition model

關(guān)鍵詞： help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing

定位原文: E段第1句“Using data…”

解題思路: Help an athlete plan their performance 對(duì)應(yīng)上prepare the athlete by之后，要認(rèn)真研究題目所問的是what is produced,斷定所作答案必定要填一個(gè)名詞。因此要細(xì)讀原文發(fā)現(xiàn)有單詞developing恰與produced相對(duì)應(yīng)，中文意思是“開發(fā)”，則答案必定是開發(fā)之后的名詞。

Question 13

答案： (by)2 percent/%

關(guān)鍵詞： 19% Olympic Games, cyclists, improve

定位原文: F段第3句“At the Atlanta…”

解題思路: 分析問句是 ‘By how much... improve’，意思為“提高了多少”，可以判斷出答案需要寫一個(gè)數(shù)字。因此仔細(xì)閱讀相關(guān)語(yǔ)句找到 sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘a(chǎn)nd rowers’ time。很快就可以找到數(shù)字百分之二

。

劍橋雅思4熱帶雨林翻譯

參考譯文
大人和孩子經(jīng)常遇到一些講述熱帶森林消失速度之快的描述。例如，有一個(gè)孩子很容易講述的圖例，其中說(shuō)道，熱帶雨林被破壞的速度大概相當(dāng)于每40分鐘1000個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小，而40分鐘剛好是一節(jié)課的時(shí)間。在媒體頻繁生動(dòng)的報(bào)道中，孩子很有可能已經(jīng)形成了關(guān)于熱帶雨林的一些想法，比如它們是什么，它們?cè)谀睦?，為什么它們很重要，什么?huì)威脅它們的存在，等等，而這些想法的形成不依賴于任何正規(guī)的學(xué)校教育。這些想法中，有一些也有可能是錯(cuò)誤的。
很多研究表明，孩子對(duì)于在學(xué)校里學(xué)到的“純”科學(xué)是存在誤解的。這些誤解不是孤立的，而是形成了多面性且有條理的概念框架。這一框架及其涉及的觀點(diǎn)（其中有些是錯(cuò)誤的）非常牢固，但仍是可以修正的。這些想法很有可能在孩子吸收媒體信息時(shí)得到進(jìn)一步延伸，而有時(shí)候，媒體的信息也是有錯(cuò)誤的。似乎學(xué)校也沒有給學(xué)生提供機(jī)會(huì)去表述他們自己的想法，這樣一來(lái)，教師及其同仁也就無(wú)法檢驗(yàn)并糾正其中的錯(cuò)誤。
盡管媒體大量的報(bào)道熱帶雨林被破壞的情況，孩子對(duì)于這一領(lǐng)域的正規(guī)了解卻并不多。目前這項(xiàng)研究的目的就是開始提供此類信息、幫助教師就正確的觀點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)他們的教育策略、糾正他們的誤解以及在校內(nèi)開展環(huán)境研究項(xiàng)目。
研究調(diào)查了孩子關(guān)于熱帶雨林的科學(xué)知識(shí)及態(tài)度。調(diào)查要求中學(xué)生完成一份問卷，其中包括五個(gè)開放型問題。第一個(gè)問題的最常見回答是來(lái)自“熱帶雨林”一詞的字面描述。有的孩子對(duì)熱帶雨林的描述是潮濕、濕潤(rùn)或者悶熱。第二個(gè)問題問及熱帶雨林的地理位置。最常見的回答是一些大洲或者國(guó)家的名稱：非洲（占43%），南美（占30%），巴西（占25%）。有的孩子給出的地點(diǎn)更加籠統(tǒng)，比如“赤道周圍”。
第三個(gè)題目問及熱帶雨林的重要性。占主導(dǎo)地位的想法是熱帶雨林為動(dòng)物提供了棲息地，這種回答占64%。較少的學(xué)生回答說(shuō)熱帶雨林為植物提供生長(zhǎng)地，提到雨林中的土著居民的則更少。相對(duì)于男孩子(60%)而言，更多的女孩子(70%)提出動(dòng)物棲息地的觀點(diǎn)。
相似的是，與男生(5%)相比，更多的女生(13%)說(shuō)熱帶雨林為人類提供棲息地。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們之前對(duì)學(xué)生觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的研究的結(jié)論是一致的。在那項(xiàng)研究中，女生被證明對(duì)動(dòng)物更有同情心，并且表達(dá)了一些觀點(diǎn)。這些觀點(diǎn)似乎對(duì)人類以外的生命給予了發(fā)自內(nèi)心的珍惜。
第四個(gè)問題是關(guān)于熱帶雨林被破壞的原因。值得慶幸的是，超過(guò)一半的學(xué)生(59%)明確回答是人類行為造成了熱帶雨林的破壞，有些學(xué)生使用了“我們”這樣的字眼來(lái)把這種責(zé)任與自身聯(lián)系在一起。大約有18%的學(xué)生專門提到了亂砍濫伐現(xiàn)象。
10010的學(xué)生表達(dá)了一種誤解，即酸雨破壞了熱帶雨林，大約同樣比例的學(xué)生說(shuō)污染破壞了熱帶雨林。在此問題上，對(duì)于熱帶雨林的破壞和由污染等因素造成的對(duì)西歐森林的破壞這兩種不同情況，學(xué)生們產(chǎn)生了混淆。雖然有2/5的學(xué)生提到熱帶雨林能夠提供氧氣，但是在某些情況下，這一回答也包含著一些誤解，例如他們認(rèn)為熱帶雨林的破壞會(huì)導(dǎo)致大氣層氧氣減少，從而使大氣層不適于地球上的人類居住。
最后一個(gè)問題是關(guān)于保護(hù)雨林的重要性。大部分孩子只是說(shuō)我們需要有熱帶雨林才能生存。只有一些(6%)孩子提到熱帶雨林的破壞會(huì)導(dǎo)致全球變暖?？紤]到媒體對(duì)于這一問題的大量報(bào)道，這個(gè)結(jié)果有點(diǎn)讓人吃驚。有的孩子表達(dá)了這樣的觀點(diǎn)：保護(hù)熱帶雨林并不重要。
研究結(jié)果表明，有些觀點(diǎn)主導(dǎo)了學(xué)生對(duì)于熱帶雨林的理解。學(xué)生們的回答表明他們?cè)趯?duì)熱帶雨林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)知識(shí)上存在誤解，例如他們認(rèn)為熱帶雨林是動(dòng)植物和人類的棲息地，并且把氣候變化與熱帶雨林的破壞聯(lián)系在一起。
學(xué)生們的回答表明他們并沒有了解破壞熱帶雨林的各種因素的復(fù)雜性。換句話說(shuō)，對(duì)于熱帶雨林在哪些方面非常重要，以及對(duì)于那些社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治因素驅(qū)使人們作出破壞雨林的行為，學(xué)生們并不了解。值得欣慰的是，對(duì)于其他環(huán)境問題進(jìn)行酶類似研究的結(jié)論表明，年長(zhǎng)的孩子似乎獲得了接受、珍視并且評(píng)價(jià)沖突觀點(diǎn)的能力。環(huán)境教育提供了一個(gè)平臺(tái)，在這個(gè)平臺(tái)上，這些能力可以得到培養(yǎng)，而這對(duì)于孩子成長(zhǎng)為未來(lái)的決策者是至關(guān)重要的。

【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

最近的一系列研究表明，盲人可以理解用輪廓線和透視圖表示的物體排列及空中的其他表面。但是圖片表達(dá)的意思更勝于文字表述。當(dāng)我研究的一位盲人女性自發(fā)地劃出一個(gè)正在滾動(dòng)的車輪時(shí)，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象極大地吸引了我的注意。為了展示車輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)，她在圓的中心畫了一條曲線。我被嚇了一跳。表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線，例如她剛畫的這條，是插圖史上最近才有的發(fā)明。事實(shí)上，正如藝術(shù)學(xué)者David Kunzle所說(shuō)，引領(lǐng)了19世紀(jì)潮流的卡通畫家Wilhelm Busch直到1877年之前都沒有在他最流行的人物形象中使用動(dòng)態(tài)線條。

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s?spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines – or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

當(dāng)我要求其他接受研究的盲人畫一個(gè)滾動(dòng)的輪子時(shí)，一種很聰明的畫法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了：一些盲人把車輪的輻條畫成了曲線。當(dāng)被問到這些曲線時(shí)，他們都說(shuō)這是一種表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的比喻手法。多數(shù)人規(guī)則，會(huì)認(rèn)為，這種方式可以很好地表示運(yùn)動(dòng)。但是對(duì)于這種現(xiàn)象。會(huì)不會(huì)有種更好的表示方法，例如虛線和波浪線，或其他形式的線呢？答案還不明確。所以我決定測(cè)試各種表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線條分別適合表示哪種運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者也許它們只是一些特殊符號(hào)。而且，我想要發(fā)現(xiàn)盲人和普通人眼中表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線條有沒有什么區(qū)別。

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

為了找出答案，我用凸起的線條畫出了五個(gè)輪子，分別把輻條畫成了曲線、折線、波浪線、虛線和伸出車輪的線。接著，我請(qǐng)18位盲人志愿者觸摸輪子，并請(qǐng)他們把每個(gè)輪子對(duì)應(yīng)在以下運(yùn)動(dòng)中：搖晃、迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、顛簸或剎車。我的對(duì)照組由18多倫多大學(xué)的普通大學(xué)生組成。

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

除了其中一人，所有的盲人都把不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)與輪子相對(duì)應(yīng)了。大部分人猜測(cè)曲線輻條表示輪子在平穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，波浪輻條表示車輪在搖晃，折線車輪表示車子受到顛簸。受試者猜測(cè)，輻條伸出車輪邊緣表示輪子處于剎車狀態(tài)，而虛線表示輪子在快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。

In addition, the favored description for the sighted was the favored description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

另外，普通人喜愛的表達(dá)與盲人喜愛的表達(dá)基本一致。而且普通人之間的共識(shí)度并不比盲人高。因?yàn)槊と藢?duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)裝置并不熟悉，所以我給他們的任務(wù)中也包括解決一些問題。但是，很明顯，盲人不僅搞明白了線條運(yùn)動(dòng)的意義，而且作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們達(dá)成共識(shí)的普遍頻率也不比普通人低。

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart – choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symboli* behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，盲人也能理解其他種類的視覺符號(hào)。一個(gè)盲人女性在一個(gè)心形中間畫了一個(gè)小孩——她說(shuō)，選擇這個(gè)符號(hào)，是為了表示孩子被愛包圍。于是我和一個(gè)中國(guó)博士生劉長(zhǎng)虹開始研究：盲人對(duì)于心形這樣不直接表達(dá)含義的符號(hào)背后的意義，到底理解到了什么樣的程度。我們給了普通人20對(duì)單詞，并要求他們?cè)诿恳粚?duì)單詞中選擇一個(gè)代表圓圈的和一個(gè)代表方框的。比方說(shuō)，我們問：哪個(gè)表示柔軟呢？圓圈還是方框？哪個(gè)又表示堅(jiān)硬？

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and?‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a *all majority of sighted subjects – 53% – had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

所有的受試者都認(rèn)為圓形表示柔軟而方塊表示堅(jiān)硬。94%的人認(rèn)為開心與圓形對(duì)應(yīng)，而不是悲傷。也有一些詞組出現(xiàn)了不同的意見：79%的人在快-慢和強(qiáng)-弱對(duì)比上意見分別一致。而只有51%的人認(rèn)為圓形表示深，方形表示淺。當(dāng)我們用完全一樣的列表測(cè)試四個(gè)完全看不到的盲人時(shí)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的選擇與普通人的選擇非常相似。有個(gè)先天失明的人做得特別好。他只有一次連線與之前的移至答案不同，那就是把“遠(yuǎn)”與方聯(lián)系起來(lái)，把近和圓聯(lián)系起來(lái)。事實(shí)上，只有剛剛53%的普通人在遠(yuǎn)近上給出了相反的答案。因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論：盲人可以像普通人一樣理解抽象圖案的意義。

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